Vol. 337 No. 8 (2026)
DOI https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2026/8/5390
Modern technologies for acid treatment of carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East
Relevance. Acid treatment of the bottomhole zone of wells in carbonate reservoirs of the Middle East, characterized by significant layer-by-layer heterogeneity and low filtration-capacity properties, is associated with a number of complications. This negatively affects the stimulation of oil inflow, restoration of productivity of producing wells and injectivity of injection wells. Consideration of technological solutions and approaches to acidizing in carbonate reservoir conditions is of research and practical interest. Aim. To study the capabilities and features of modern technologies for acidizing the bottomhole zone of wells in Middle East carbonate reservoirs. Methods. Review of modern scientific literature on acidizing carbonate reservoirs, analysis of features and a summary of the main ways to solve problematic aspects of acidizing carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East. Results and conclusions. The paper describes the characteristics of Middle East carbonate reservoirs, including high temperature, salinity, carbonate rock purity, layered heterogeneity, low permeability, and great depth. The paper introduces the factors influencing the effectiveness of acid treatment. To improve the effectiveness of acid treatment, it is recommended to use the following: delayed and diverting acid systems based on gel, foam, micro- and nanoemulsions, viscoelastic surfactants, and foamed viscoelastic surfactants; diverters in the form of biodegradable, multimodal mixtures of particles and fibers; multicomponent and multistage treatment, and hybrid and integrated technologies. It is clarified that acid fracturing technologies in horizontal and multilateral wells involve targeted delivery of viscoelastic surfactants using coiled tubing systems, mechanical diversion, or drill pipe with a point-type downhole tool. To maintain stable fracture conductivity during acid fracturing, hybrid multi-stage technologies are required, such as the use of guar gel-based fracturing fluid and a retarded acid system in conjunction with proppant, or the use of chelating agents. It is noted that the weakening of the mechanical strength of carbonate rocks during acid treatment can be compensated for by using consolidating agents.
For citation: Almohammad Alnayef M., Bezverkhaya E.V., Gnidan E.V. Modern technologies for acid treatment of carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Assets Engineering, 2026, vo. 337, no. 8, pp. 112–128. http://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2026/8/5390
Keywords:
acidizing wellbore zones, Middle East carbonate reservoirs, retarded acid systems, self-diverting acid systems, self-diverting acid systems based on viscoelastic surfactants, acid fracturing, consolidated materials
References:
1. Alameedy U., Al-Haleem A., Al-Saedi A., Kadhim H., Khan D. An experimental study of the effects of matrix acidising on the petrophysical characteristics of carbonate formation. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.128
2. Han M., AlSofi A., Fuseni A., Zhou X., Hassan S. Development of chemical EOR formulations for a high temperature and high salinity carbonate reservoir. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2013. DOI: 10.2523/IPTC-17084-MS
3. Xu Z., Li S., Li B., Chen D., Liu Z., Li Z. A review of development methods and EOR technologies for carbonate reservoirs. Petroleum Science, 2020, vol. 17, pp. 990–1013. DOI: DOI: 10.1007/s12182-020-00467-5
4. Asl A.M., Sedaee B., Kandowjani A.E. Fracture and vug effects on wormhole pattern during acidizing of triple porosity carbonate rocks. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 2024, vol. 232, Part A, pp. 212417. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoen.2023.212417
5. Wang Y., Hou J., Tang Y., Song Z. Effect of vug filling on oil-displacement efficiency in carbonate fractured-vuggy reservoir by natural bottom-water drive: a conceptual model experiment. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2019, vol. 174, pp. 1113–1126. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2018.12.014
6. Sharifi A., Miri R., Riazi M.A Holistic review of harsh conditions resistant surfactants for enhanced oil recovery in dense carbonate reservoir. Fuel, 2023, vol. 353, pp. 129109. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129109
7. Radwan A.E., Wood D.A., Abudeif A.M., Attia M.M., Mahmoud M., Kassem A.A., Kania M. Reservoir formation damage; reasons and mitigation: a case study of the cambrian–ordovician nubian ‘C’ sandstone gas and oil reservoir from the gulf of Suez rift basin. Arabian J. Sci. Eng., 2021, vol. 47, pp. 11279–11296. DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06005-8
8. Al-Arji H., Al-Azman A., Le-Hussain F., Regenauer-Lieb K. Acid stimulation in carbonates: A laboratory test of a wormhole model based on Damköhler and Péclet numbers. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2021, vol. 203, pp. 108593. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108593
9. Pourabdollah K. Matrix acidizing: a fouling mitigation process in oil and gas wells. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 2020, vol. 36, Iss. 2, pp. 311–331. DOI: 10.1515/revce-2017-0058
10. Aljawad M.S., Aljulaih H., Mahmoud M., Desouky M. Integration of field, laboratory, and modeling aspects of acid fracturing: a comprehensive review. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2019, vol. 181, pp. 106158. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2019.06.022
11. Garrouch A.A., Jennings A.R. A contemporary approach to carbonate matrix acidizing. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2017, vol. 158, pp. 129–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2017.08.045
12. Reznikov I., Abdrazakov D., Chuprakov D. Model-based interpretation of bottomhole pressure records during matrix treatments in layered formations. Petroleum SCIENCE, 2024, vol. 21, Iss. 5, pp. 3587–3611. DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.05.027
13. Derendyaev R.A., Novikov V.A., Martyushev D.A., Liu Z., Yang Y. Acid treatment of carbonate reservoir with a new dual action microemulsion: selection of optimal application conditions. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2022, vol. 216, pp. 110809. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110809
14. Novikov V.A., Martyushev D.A., Li Y., Yang Y. A new approach for the demonstration of acidizing parameters of carbonates: experimental and field. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2022, vol. 213, pp. 110363. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110363
15. Martyushev D.A., Govindarajan S.K., Li Y., Yang Y. Experimental study of the influence of the content of calcite and dolomite in the rock on the efficiency of acid treatment. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng, 2022, vol. 208. Part Е, pp. 109770. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109770
16. Gabzalilova A.K., Batalov D.A., Mukhametshin V.S., Andreev V.E. Geological and technological justification of the parameters of acid-clay treatment of wells. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng, 2021, vol. 1064, A. 012058. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/1064/1/012058
17. Mofti M., Al-Othman M., Alboueshi A., Davis J., Eid W., Allam A., Hamad A.A., Sadeddin S., Buhamad A., Ashkanani M., Aloun S., Al-Haddad M., Al-Mehanna H. First fully successful application of a multistage acid fracturing operation to stimulate a carbonate formation, resulting in the implementation in other wells in the Mature Bahrah Field, North Kuwait. SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. Abu Dhabi, UAE, January 2018. DOI: 10.2118/189353-MS
18. McCartney E., Al-Othman M., Alam A., Nino-Penaloza A., Pirogov A., Nagarkoti M., Mendez A. Enhanced acid fracturing with improved fluid loss control and near wellbore diversion increases production in Kuwait. SPE Annual technical conference and exhibition, society of petroleum engineers, 2017, October 9. DOI: 10.2118/187444-MS
19. Bist N., Nair A., Yadav K., Sircar A. Diverting agents in the oil and gas industry: A comprehensive analysis of their origins, types, and applications. Petroleum Research, 2024. vol. 9, Iss. 1. pp. 72–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.09.004
20. Al-Hulail I., Eoff L., Anazi M. Assessment of biodegradable diverter for acid fracturing of highly fractured formations. Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. UAE, Abu Dhabi, November 2019. DOI: 10.2118/197687-MS
21. OpenPath Sequence Service Increases Productivity Index More Than 300% for Kuwait Oil Company, 2016. Available at: https://www.slb.com/resource-library/case-study/st2/openpath-sequence-koc-cs (accessed 24 December 2024).
22. McCartney E., Al-Othman M., Alam A., Nino-Penaloza A., Pirogov A., Nagarkoti M., Mendez A. Enhanced acid fracturing with improved fluid loss control and near wellbore diversion increases production in Kuwait. SPE Annual technical conference and exhibition, society of petroleum engineers, 2017, October 9. DOI: 10.2118/187444-MS
23. Chen X., Lu Y. A perspective review on degradable polylactic acid diverters for well stimulations. Fuel, 2023., vol. 348, pp. 128557. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel
24. Al-Hulail I., Eoff L., Anazi M. Assessment of biodegradable diverter for acid fracturing of highly fractured formations. Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. UAE, Abu Dhabi, November 2019. DOI: 10.2118/197687-MS
25. Liu P., Hu H., Chen X., Du J., Liu J., Liu F., Chen W., Jia Y. The influencing parameters and improve methods of acid-etched fracture conductivity: a review. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 2024, vol. 238, pp. 212844. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoen.2024.212844
26. Al-Shargabi M., Davoodi S., Wood D.A., Ali M., Rukavishnikov V.S., Minaev K.M. A critical review of self-diverting acid treatments applied to carbonate oil and gas reservoir. Petroleum Science, 2023, vol.20, Iss. 2, pp. 922–950. DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2022.10.005
27. Chacon O.G., Pournik M. Matrix acidizing in carbonate formations. Processes, 2022, vol. 10, Iss.1, pp. 174. DOI: 10.3390/pr10010174
28. Alhamad L., Caliskan S., Alfakher B., Hussain I. New insights for the use of lactic acid in carbonate acidizing. Middle East oil, gas and geosciences show. Manama, Bahrain, February 2023. DOI: 10.2118/213597-MS
29. Li N., Hu Y., Xiong G., Liu P., Xiong Y., Luo Z., Zhang Q., Li Y., Zhu S., Feng W., Yu J. Research and application of eco-friendly chelating agents in plugging removal systems: a review. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 2023, vol. 229, pp. 212135. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoen.2023.212135
30. Abdulrahman A., Salih N., Kamal I., Applied P.A. Adopted factorial and new in-situ micro-designs for stimulation of matrix acidizing of carbonate reservoir rocks. Science, 2023, vol. 13, Iss. 3, pp. 1752. DOI: 10.3390/app13031752
31. Adewunmi A.A., Solling T., Sultan A.S., Saikia T. Emulsified acid systems for oil well stimulation: a review. J. Pet. Sci. Eng, 2022, vol. 208, pp. 109569. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109569
32. McClements D.J., Jafari S.M. Improving emulsion formation, stability and performance using mixed emulsifiers: a review. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci, 2018, vol. 251, pp. 55–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.12.001
33. Aly M., Aidagulov G., Sultan A., Gwaba D., Abbad M. Carbonate matrix stimulation with pickering emulsified acid studied by large-scale radial flow experiments. Proceedings of the Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE). Manama, Bahrain, 19−21 February 2023. DOI: 10.2118/213460-ms
34. Rodrigues M.A.F., Arruda G.M., Da Silva D.C., Da Costa F.M.F., De Brito M.F.P., Antonino A.C.D., Wanderley Neto A.D.O. Application of nonionic surfactant nonylphenol to control acid stimulation in carbonate matrix. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 2021, vol. 203, pp. 108654. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108654
35. Wang Y., Zhou F., Su H., Li Y., Yu F., Dong R., Wang Q., Li J. Performance evaluation of microemulsion acid for integrated acid fracturing in Middle Eastern carbonate reservoirs. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2023, vol. 50, Iss. 5, pp. 1196–1205. DOI: 10.11698/PED.20220739
36. Kumar N., Verma A., Mandal A. Formation, characteristics and oil industry applications of nanoemulsions: a review. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 2021, vol. 206, pp. 109042. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109042
37. Talles Nóbrega S. Application of acid nanoemulsion in acidification of oil wells 2015. 95f. Dissertation (Master in Chemical Engineering). Natal, 2015. Available at: https://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/20295 (accessed 24 December 2024).
38. Mahmoud M.A. Determination of the optimum wormholing conditions in carbonate acidizing using NMR. J. Pet. Sci. Eng., 2017, vol. 159, pp. 952–969. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2017.10.004
39. Vernaez O., Dagreou S., Grassl B., Muller A.J. Dynamic rheology and relaxation time spectra of oil-based self-degradable. J. Polym. Sci. B. Polym. Phys., 2016, vol. 54, pp. 433–444. DOI: 10.1002/polb.23918
40. Alameedy U., Al-haleem A. The impact of matrix acidizing on the petrophysical properties of the Mishrif Formation: experimental investigation. Iraqi Geol. J., 2022, vol. 55 (1E), pp. 41–53. DOI: 10.46717/igj.55.1E.4Ms-2022-05-20
41. Alameedy U., Alhaleem A.A., Isah A., Al-Yaseri A., Mahmoud M., Salih I. S. Effect of acid treatment on the geomechanical properties of rocks: an experimental investigation in Ahdeb oil field. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 2022, vol. 12, pp. 3425–3441. DOI: 10.1007/s13202-022-01533-x
42. Alameedy U., Al-Haleem A. Wormholes models for the optimum matrix acidizing in Mi4 Unit-Ahdeb Oil Field. Journal of Engineering, 2022, vol. 28, Iss. 12, pp. 34–55. DOI: 10.31026/j.eng.2022.12.03
43. Liu P., Xue H., Zhao L.Q., Fu Y., Luo Z., Qu Z. Analysis and Simulation of rheological behavior and diverting mechanisms of insitu self-diverting acid. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 2015, vol. 132, pp. 39–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2015.04.042
44. Xie Y., Cheng W., Yu H. Study on viscosification law of OAPB self-diverting acid by acid concentration and inorganic salt in coal. Fuel, 2022, vol. 317, pp. 123545. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123545
45. Abdrazakov D., Kalabayev R., Stepanov V., Juldugulov Y., Kinnear C., Darkhan B. Integrated approach to diversion during acid treatments in extended intervals, high temperature and fractured reservoirs. Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference. Moscow, Russia, October 2019. DOI: 10.2118/196969-MS.
46. Nasr-El-Din H.A., Samuel M. Lessons learned from using viscoelastic surfactants in well stimulation. SPE Prod & Oper., 2007, vol. 22, Iss. 1, pp. 112–120. DOI: 10.2118/90383-PA
47. Folomeev A.E., Taipov I.A., Khatmullin A.R., Mukhametov F.K., Vakhrushev S.A., Mingalishev F.K., Abrarov V.F., Akimkin A.V. Gelled acid vs. self-diverting systems for carbonate matrix stimulation: an experimental and field study. SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference. October 2021, DOI: 10.2118/206647-MS
48. Bist N., Nair A., Yadav K., Sircar A. Diverting agents in the oil and gas industry: a comprehensive analysis of their origins, types, and applications. Petroleum Research, 2024. vol. 9, Iss. 1. pp. 72–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.09.004
49. Mohammed S.K., Nasr-El-Din H.A, Erbil M.M. Successful application of foamed viscoelastic surfactant-based acid. SPE European Formation Damage Conference. Sheveningen, The Netherlands, May 2005. DOI: 10.2118/95006-MS
50. Cao C., Zhou F., Cheng L., Liu S., Lu W., Wang Q. A comprehensive method for acid diversion performance evaluation in strongly heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs stimulation using CT. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2021, vol. 203, pp. 108614. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108614
51. Zhang L., He J., Wang H., Li Z., Zhou F., Mou J. Experimental investigation on wormhole propagation during foamed-VES acidizing. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2021, vol. 198, pp. 108139. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2020.108139
52. Jafarpour H., Moghadasi J., Khormali A., Petrakov D.G., Ashena R. Increasing the stimulation efficiency of heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs by developing a multi-bached acid system. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2019, vol. 172, pp. 50–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2018.09.034
53. Zhao K., Xu H., Wang J., Jiang H., Zhang L. Study on optimization of stimulation technology of heterogeneous porous carbonate reservoir. Processes, 2024, vol. 12, Iss. 6, pp. 1191. DOI: 10.3390/pr12061191
54. Al-Othman M., A-Matrouk Y., Ahmed Z., Ashkanani M., Buhamad A., Al-Dousari M., Abdul-Samad A., Erkan F., Wael M., Hai L., Abrar S., Nikolaev M. New approach to chemical diversion using biodegradable particulates and fibers in matrix acidizing: Kuwait case studies. Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. Abu Dhabi, UAE, November 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2118/188834-MS
55. ABRASIJET service helps operator triple production and maintain rate for more than one year. Schlumberger, 2015. Available at: https://www.slb.com/resource-library/case-study/ct/active-dts-abrasijet-me-cs (accessed 25 December 2024).
56. Furui K., Burton R.C.C., Burkhead D.W.W., Abdelmalek N.A.A., Hill A.D.D., Zhu D., Nozaki M. A comprehensive model of high-rate matrix-acid stimulation for long horizontal wells in carbonate reservoirs: Part II-Wellbore/reservoir coupled-flow modeling and field application. SPE Journal, 2012, vol. 17, Iss. 1, pp. 280–291. DOI: 10.2118/155497-PA
57. Ranjan P., Al-Qenae A., El-Aziz S.A., Al-Hashash A., Al-Ajmi H., Mofti M., Boueshi A., Eid W., Sadeddin S., Ahmed A. Pinpoint fracture acidizing technology in tight carbonate formation: improved recovery, Tuba Reservoir, North Kuwait. SPE International Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. Muscat, Oman, October 2018. DOI: 10.2118/191401-18IHFT-MS
58. Nasr-El-Din H., Al-Habib N., Al-Mumen A., Jemmali M., Samuel M. A new effective stimulation treatment for long horizontal wells drilled in carbonate reservoirs. SPE Production & Operations, 2004, vol.21. DOI: 21. 10.2118/86516-MS.
59. Nasr-El-Din H.A., Al-Habib N.S., Al-Khamis M., Jemmali M. A novel technique to acidize multilateral open hole ER horizontal wells drilled in carbonate formations. SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Kingdom of Bahrain, March 2005. DOI: 10.2118/93500-MS
60. Bale A., Michael S.B., Klein H.H. Stimulation of carbonates combining acid fracturing with proppant (CAPF): a revolutionary approach for enhancement of sustained fracture conductivity and effective fracture half-length. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Florence, Italy, September 2010. DOI: 10.2118/134307-MS
61. Naik S., Dean M., McDuff D., Ranson A., Jin X., Zhu D., Hill A.D. Acid fracture conductivity testing on the tight carbonate Ratawi Limestone in the partitioned zone. International Petroleum Technology Conference. Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, January 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19724- Abstract
62. Zhu D., Hu Y., Cui M., Chen Y., Liang C., He Y., Wang X., Wang D. Feasibility analysis on the pilot test of acid fracturing for carbonate reservoirs in Halfaya Oilfield. Iraq. Energy Science & Engineering, 2019, vol. 7, Iss. 3, pp. 721–729. DOI: 10.1002/ese3.290.
63. Parandeh M., Dehkohneh H.Z., Soulgani B.S. Experimental investigation of the acidizing effects on the mechanical properties of carbonated rocks. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 2023, vol. 222, pp. 211447. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoen.2023.211447
64. Xiao Y., Lu L., Zhang J., Mahmood H.Q., Sabir H.S., Wang H., Li X., Wang J., Xu T., Mi Z., Kang B., Cheng Y., Deng Y., Huang K., Zhenghong Z. Slurry acid fracturing was first ever proposed to unlock the production potential in low permeability carbonate reservoir in Central Iraq. SPE International Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, September 2023. DOI: 10.2118/215708-MS
65. Barri A.A., Hassan A.M., Aljawad M.S., Mahmoud M. Effect of treatment conditions on matrix stimulation of carbonate rocks with chelating agents. Arab J Sci Eng., 2021, vol. 47, Iss. 2, pp. 11055–11068. DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-05633-4
66. Hassan A., Mahmoud M., Bageri B.S., Aljawad M.S., Kamal M.S., Barri A.A., Hussein I.A. Applications of chelating agents in the upstream oil and gas industry: a review. Energy Fuels, 2020, vol. 34, pp. 15593–15613. DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03279
67. Al-Abdrabalnabi R., Aljawad M. S., Al Ramadan M., Khan H.J., Mohamed M. The evolution of fracture surface parameters in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs employing chelating agents as acid fracturing fluids. SPE International Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, September 2023. DOI: 10.2118/215674-MS
68. Saleh Aljawad M., Desouky M., Sølling T.I., Olalekan Amao A., Al-Ramadan K. Improving carbonate rock hardness by consolidating additives to sustain long term fracture conductivity. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2020, vol. 195, pp. 107897. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107897
69. Desouky M., Saleh Aljawad M., Solling T., Abduljamiu A., Norrman K., Alshehri D. Improving long-term hydraulic fracture conductivity by alteration of rock minerals. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2021, vol. 196, pp. 108046. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2020.108046
70. Jafarpour H., Aghaei H., Litvin V., Ashena R. Experimental optimization of a recently developed matrix acid stimulation technology in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2021, vol. 196, pp. 108100. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2020.108100
71. Ashena R., Aminzadeh F., Khoramchehr A. Production improvement via optimization of hydraulic acid fracturing design parameters in a tight carbonate reservoir. Energies, 2022, vol. 15, pp. 1947. DOI: 10.3390/en15051947
72. Almahdawi F.H., Alameedy U., Almomen A., Al-Haleem A.A., Saadi A., Mukhtar Y.M.F. Effect of acid fracturing injection pressure on Mishrif carbonate reservoir: a field study. International Petroleum and Petrochemical Technology Conference. IPPTC 2022. Singapore, Springer, 2023. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-2649-7_54
73. Zhao K., Xu H., Wang J., Jiang H., Zhang L. Study on optimization of stimulation technology of heterogeneous porous carbonate reservoir. Processes, 2024, vol. 12, Iss. 6, pp. 1191. DOI: 10.3390/pr12061191
74. Haias H.K., Jaf P.T.M. Matrix acidizing of carbonate formations: a case study. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques, 2018, vol. 4, Iss. 2, pp. 851–858. Available at: http://www.ijetjournal.org/Volume4/Issue2/IJET-V4I2P134.pdf (accessed 24 December 2024).
75. Alameedy U., Al-Haleem A.A., Almalichy A. Well performance following matrix acidizing treatment: case study of the Mi4 Unit in Ahdeb Oil field. Iraqi J. Chem. Petrol. Eng, 2022, vol. 23, Iss. 4, pp. 7–16. DOI: 10.31699/IJCPE.2022.4.2
76. Al-Mahasneh M., Al Rabadi S., Khaswaneh H. Assessment of oil-producing wells by means of stimulation approach through matrix acidizing: a case study in the Azraq region. J. Petrol. Explor. Prod. Technol., 2021, vol. 11, pp. 3479–3491. DOI: 10.1007/s13202-021-01256-5
77. Al-Mutawa M., Al-Anzi E., Ravula C., Al Jalahmah F., Jemmali M., Samuel E., Mathew S. Field cases of a zero damaging stimulation and diversion fluid from the carbonate formations in North Kuwait. International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry. Houston, Texas, February 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2118/80225-MS
