Том 337 № 5 (2026)
DOI https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2026/5/5193
Цитогенетический и молекулярно-генетический скрининг воздействия радиационного загрязнения на геном человека и здоровье населения
Актуальность. В Республике Казахстан проблема оценки состояния здоровья населения, подвергающегося воздействию радиации, становится всё более актуальной. Особое внимание уделяется исследованиям влияния радиации на стабильность генома человека, проживающего вблизи радиационно-загрязнённых территорий. Цель. Эколого-генетическая оценка последствий влияния полигона захоронения твердых радиоактивных отходов производства. Обследованы жители населенных пунктов прилегающих территорий (г. Актау, зона ХГМЗ, Баскудык, Акшукыр, Мангистау-1 и Мангистау-5) и контрольной зоны – жители Алматинской области, не имеющие контакта с радиоактивным загрязнением). Проведение мониторинговых исследований для оценки влияния радиационного воздействия на стабильность генома человека и состояние здоровья жителей территорий, прилегающих к полигону радиоактивных отходов. Методы. Радиологические, цито- и молекулярно-генетические методы, методы популяционно-статистического и корреляционного анализа. Образцы крови жителей радиационно-загрязнённых районов анализировали с использованием цитогенетических методов – микроядерного и хромосомного анализа. Путём ПЦР-анализа определяли полиморфизм генов, участвующих в репарации ДНК. Результаты и выводы. Для оценки полученной дозы облучения построен график, демонстрирующий интенсивность сигнала электронного парамагнитного резонанса в зубной эмали. Получены данные зависимости от величины амплитудных колебаний сигнала электронного парамагнитного резонанса в образцах зубной эмали из двух районов радиационно-загрязнённой зоны. Цитогенетический анализ выявил достоверно более высокую частоту хромосомных аберраций по сравнению со спонтанным уровнем. В загрязнённых районах частота аномалий составляла от 1,0 до 3,5 %, в контрольных группах – от 1,0 до 1,9 %. Молекулярно-генетический анализ подтвердил наличие генотипов, ассоциированных с нарушением репарации ДНК, что подчёркивает значимость генетического и экологического мониторинга при оценке рисков для здоровья населения.
Для цитирования: Бигалиев А., Чередниченко О., Шалабаева К., Кожахметова А., Мырзатай А. Цитогенетический и молекулярно-генетический скрининг воздействия радиационного загрязнения на геном человека и здоровье населения. Известия Томского аолитехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов, 2026, Т. 337, № 5, С. 176-186. https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2026/5/5193
Ключевые слова:
окружающая среда, цитогенетика, молекулярная генетика, хромосомные аномалии, полиморфизм генов, здоровье человека
Библиографические ссылки:
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