Том 337 № 1 (2026)
DOI https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2026/1/5008
Экогеохимическая оценка техногенных почв в районах складирования отходов добычи угля на территории Кизеловского угольного бассейна
Актуальность. Горнодобывающие предприятия даже после ликвидации оказывают негативное воздействие на экосистемы. В работе рассмотрено влияние кислых шахтных вод отвалов вскрышных пород угледобычи на почвенный покров на территории Кизеловского угольного бассейна. Цель. Исследование химических и морфологических свойств почв, их эколого-геохимическая оценка. Объекты. Литостраты глинистые на рекультивированных отвалах Spolic Epileptic Technosol (Loamic, Densic, Skeletic). Серогумусовая техногенно-трансформированная почва Technosol (Loamic, Thionic, Toxic) и литостат оглеенный Technosol (Thionic, Gleyic, Toxic) на участках стока кислых шахтных вод с отвала. Методы. Традиционные и авторские методы, такие как измерение рН с перекисью водорода. Методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой определено содержание тяжелых металлов, микроэлементов. Рентгенофазовый анализ выполнен с применением рентгеновского порошкового дифрактометра D2 Phaser. Рассчитаны индексы Zc и Igeo. Результаты и выводы. Литостраты рекультивированных отвалов слабокислые, количество органического вещества 2–4 %, с глубиной может резко увеличиваться из-за включений угля. Содержание подвижных и валовых S и Fe в 1,5–2 раза превышает фоновый уровень. Кислотность водной вытяжки почв на участках стока кислых шахтных вод с отвалов варьирует от 2,7 до 4,1; рН с перекисью менее 2,5, что свидетельствует о наличии сульфидных минералов. Количество подвижной и валовой S превышает фон в десятки и сотни раз. Гранулометрический состав почв на участках стока кислых шахтных вод с отвалов неоднороден по профилю, характеризуется наличием техногенных слоев. В литострате, оглеенном у подножия отвала, обнаружен ярозит и гётит. В почвах на отвалах и стоках кислых шахтных вод отмечается превышение кларка по Виноградову для V, Pb и Cd. Igeo указывает на незначительное загрязнение почв Cu, Cd, V.
Ключевые слова:
угольные отвалы, кислые шахтные воды, рекультивация, кислые сульфатные почвы, литострат, микроэлементы, индексы
Библиографические ссылки:
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